Tidbits of History, April 7

April 7 is :

National Coffee Cake Day The first coffee cakes appeared around the 17th century in Europe, when drinking coffee beverages was introduced.
National Beer Day
No Housework Day

World Health Day, anniversary of the establishment of the World Health Organization in 1948.

Death of El Greco (Doménikos Theotokópoulos) in 1614, artist of the Spanish Renaissance. A sample of his works can be found at Wikiart.org.

Domenikos Theotokopoulos, other wise known as “El Greco” due to his Greek heritage, was a popular Greek painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He was a master of post-Byzantine art by the age of 26, when he traveled to Venice, and later Rome, where he opened his first workshop. Unlike other artists, El Greco altered his style in order to distinguish himself from other artists of the time, inventing new and unusual interpretations of religious subject matter. He created agile, elongated figures, and included a vibrant atmospheric light. After the death of Raphael and Michelangelo, he was determined to leave his own artistic mark, and offered to paint over Michelangelo’s Last Supper to Pope Pius V.

In 1652, at the Cape of Good Hope, Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck established a resupply camp that eventually becomes Cape Town.

Birthday of William Wordsworth (April 7, 1770), English poet, author of “The World Is Too Much With Us”.

The world is too much with us; late and soon,
Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers;
Little we see in Nature that is ours;
We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!
This Sea that bares her bosom to the moon,
The winds that will be howling at all hours,
And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers,
For this, for everything, we are out of tune;
It moves us not. –Great God! I’d rather be
A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn;
So might I, standing on this pleasant lea,
Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn;
Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea;
Or hear old Triton blow his wreathèd horn.

Mississippi_Territory, April 7, 1798In 1798, the Mississippi Territory was created by an act of Congress, with Natchez as the capital.

In 1862, Union forces led by Gen. Ulysses S. Grant defeated the Confederates at the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee.

Billie HolidayIn 1915, jazz singer-songwriter Billie Holiday, also known as “Lady Day,” was born in Philadelphia.

On April 7, 1923, the Workers Party of America (NYC) becomes official Communist Party

Hoover on April 7, 1927On April 7, 1927, the image and voice of Commerce Secretary, Herbert Hoover, were transmitted live from Washington to New York in the first successful long-distance demonstration of television.

In 1959, a referendum in Oklahoma repealed the state’s ban on alcoholic beverages.

In 1962, nearly 1,200 Cuban exiles tried by Cuba for their roles in the failed Bay of Pigs invasion were convicted of treason. Per Wikipedia:

About 1,202 members of Brigade 2506 were captured, of whom nine died from asphyxiation during transfer to Havana in a closed truck. In May 1961, Fidel Castro proposed to exchange the surviving Brigade prisoners for 500 large farm tractors, valued at US$28,000,000. On 8 September 1961, 14 Brigade prisoners were convicted of torture, murder and other major crimes committed in Cuba before the invasion. Five were executed and nine others imprisoned for 30 years… On 29 March 1962, 1,179 men were put on trial for treason. On 7 April 1962, all were convicted and sentenced to 30 years in prison. On 14 April 1962, 60 wounded and sick prisoners were freed and transported to the US.

On 21 December 1962, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro and James B. Donovan, a US lawyer aided by Milan C. Miskovsky, a CIA legal officer, signed an agreement to exchange 1,113 prisoners for US$53 million in food and medicine, sourced from private donations and from companies expecting tax concessions. On 24 December 1962, some prisoners were flown to Miami, others following on the ship African Pilot, plus about 1,000 family members also allowed to leave Cuba. On 29 December 1962, President Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline attended a “welcome back” ceremony for Brigade 2506 veterans at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida

The World Trade Organization ruled in favor of the United States in its long-running trade dispute with the European Union over bananas on April 7, 1999. See the guardian.com for more information.

Tidbits of History, April 6

April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 269 days remaining until the end of the year.

National Caramel Popcorn Day

To make microwave Caramel Popcorn:

3-4 quarts popped corn
1 cup brown sugar
1 stick (1/2 cup) butter
1/4 cup white corn syrup
1/2 t Salt
1/2 t Baking Soda

Combine all ingredients except baking soda and popcorn.  Bring to a boil in the microwave.  Microwave two minutes.  Add Baking Soda.   Stir.

Put popcorn in brown paper sack.
Pour caramel over popcorn and shake well

Microwave 1 1/2 minutes.  Shake

Microwave 1 more minute.  Shake

Pour onto baking sheet to cool.

Stir and serve.

Plan Your Epitaph Day

Sorry Charlie Day – It’s actually a day to reflect upon the rejections you have experienced in life and realize the world kept spinning despite them.

1199 – English King Richard I was killed by an arrow at the siege of the castle of Chaluz in France.

Scotland’s independence was confirmed with the Declaration of Arbroath on April 6, 1320. A letter in Latinwas submitted to Pope John XXII, dated 6 April 1320, intended to confirm Scotland’s status as an independent, sovereign state and defending Scotland’s right to use military action when unjustly attacked.

Three Graces by RaphaelBirthday of Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino) (April 6, 1483), Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. Also anniversary of his death in 1520, on his 37th birthday. A sample of his work can be seen at Raphael Paintings.org

1606 – The Virginia Company of London was established by royal charter by James I of England with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America.

April 6, 1808 – John Jacob Astor incorporated the American Fur Company.

Anniversary of the founding of the Latter Day Saint movement by Joseph Smith in 1830.

Birthday of Joseph Lincoln Steffens (April 6, 1866), American journalist, foremost figure among the muckrakers who exposed political and business corruption in the U.S. He preferred revolution over reforms and supported the Soviet Union.

Mormon TempleOn this date in 1893, cornerstone of the Mormon Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah was laid.

In 1896, President Benjamin Harrison (In office 1889-1893) at age 62 married Mary Scott Lord Dimmick, the widowed 37-year-old niece and former secretary of his deceased wife at St Thomas Protestant Episcopal Church in New York City. Harrison’s two adult children, Russell, 41 years old at the time, and Mary (Mamie) McKee, 38, disapproved of the marriage and did not attend the wedding. Benjamin and Mary had one child together, Elizabeth (February 21, 1897 – December 26, 1955).

Anniversary of the formal opening of the first of the Modern Olympic games at Athens, Greece on April 6, 1896. 14 nations and 241 athletes competed in 43 events.

On April 6, 1909, the North Pole was reached by Americans Robert Peary and Matthew Henson.

New Beers Eve – In 1933, the Cullen-Harrison Act allowed production of beer to resume in the United States, with the caveat beer remain no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight. On April 7, the act became law, and beer production began – thus marking the imminent end of Prohibition. Upon signing the legislation, F. D. Roosevelt made his famous remark, “I think this would be a good time for a beer.”

Tidbits of History, April 5

April 5 is:

Caramel Day As early as the seventeenth century, American women were using caramelized sugar and water to make candies. It was a rather economical candy to produce. Around the year 1850, someone discovered that by adding milk and a fat product to the cooked sugar mixture that a soft, chewy candy would be produced. This candy very quickly became popular.

In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas married English colonist John Rolfe on April 5, 1614.

Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the leader of an alliance of Algonquian-speaking people living in the Tidewater region of Virginia at the time English settlers landed at Jamestown in 1607. She was captured and held for ransom by the Colonists during hostilities in 1613. During her captivity, she was encouraged to convert to Christianity and was baptized under the name Rebecca. She married tobacco planter John Rolfe in April 1614 at age 17, and she bore their son Thomas Rolfe in January 1615. In 1616, the Rolfes traveled to London where Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the “civilized savage” in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. She became something of a celebrity, was elegantly feted, and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace. In 1617, the Rolfes set sail for Virginia, but Pocahontas died at Gravesend in Kent, England, of unknown causes, aged 20 or 21.

On this day in 1621, the Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, Massachusetts on a return trip to England. The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England. The westerly winds that had buffeted her coming out pushed her along going home, and she arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6, 1621, less than half the time that it had taken her to sail to America.

450px-Moai_Rano_rarakuApril 5, 1722 – Jacob Roggeveen became the first European to land on Easter Island, landing there on Easter Sunday.

In 1792, U.S. President George Washington exercised his authority to veto a bill, the first time this power was used in the United States. The bill introduced a new plan for dividing seats in the House of Representatives that would have increased the amount of seats for northern states. Jefferson convinced Washington that the bill was unconstitutional. Washington exercised his veto power only one other time during his two terms in office. He vetoed an act that would have reduced the number of Cavalry units in the army.

Birthday of Joseph Lister (April 5, 1827), English physician, founder of aseptic surgery.

April 5, 1933 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed two executive orders: 6101 to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps, and 6102 “forbidding the Hoarding of Gold Coin, Gold Bullion, and Gold Certificates” by U.S. citizens.

1936 Tupelo, Mississippi virtually annihilated by a tornado, 216 Tupelo residents died. According to Wikipedia: The 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak was an outbreak of at least 12 tornadoes that struck the Southeastern United States from April 5–6, 1936. Approximately 454 people were killed by these tornadoes—419 by two tornadoes alone. This outbreak is the second deadliest ever recorded in US history. Notably, among the survivors were one-year-old Elvis Presley and his parents.

1972 The regular MLB season fails to open due to a player strike for the first time in history; 86 games were lost before the labor dispute settled.

Tidbits of History, April 4

National Cordon Bleu Day a dish of meat wrapped around cheese, then breaded and pan-fried or deep-fried.
School Librarian Day

1581 – Francis Drake was knighted for completing a circumnavigation of the world.

In 1660, English King Charles II sent “Declaration of Breda” granting toleration of religion in areas where it did not disturb the peace of the kingdom.

Robert Walpole became the first Prime Minister of Great Britain on April 4, 1721.

author of Federalist PaperPublication of Federalist Paper #77: The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered written by Alexander Hamilton in 1788.
“This paper brings to a close a series of papers defending the powers granted to the executive branch and the limits placed on that power. The key principle here is a balance between the need for a powerful and energetic executive, something lacking in the Articles of Confederation, with the imperative of ensuring that the executive does not have enough power to threaten American liberty.”
From www.gradesaver.com

U. S. Flag 1818April 4, 1818 – The United States Congress adopted the Flag of the United States with 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (then 20).

April 4, 1841April 4, 1841 – William Henry Harrison died. He was the ninth President of the United States for 31 days, the shortest-ever time in office for a US President. He died of pneumonia at age 68. His inaugural address took two hours and the ceremony was on a cold and wet day. He then rode through the streets of Washington in a parade and attended three inaugural balls. Three weeks after the event he developed a cold, pneumonia, and pleurisy. Doctors gave the cause of death as pneumonia, jaundice and septicemia. He was the first U. S. president to die in office. His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis regarding succession to the presidency, because the Constitution was unclear as to whether Vice President John Tyler should assume the office of president or merely execute the duties of the vacant office. Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to become the new president and took the presidential oath of office, setting an important precedent for an orderly transfer of the presidency and its full powers when the previous president fails to complete the elected term.

Los Angeles, California was incorporated as a city in 1850.

1865 – American Civil War: A day after Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln visited the Confederate capital.

1949 – Twelve nations signed the North Atlantic Treaty creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It now is comprised of 29 member nations.

April 4, 1968 – Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr in Memphis, Tennessee.

World Trade Center1973 – The World Trade Center in New York was officially dedicated. Stood for 28 years.

Microsoft was founded as a partnership between Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1975. Microsoft’s Net Worth is approximately $69.96 Billion.

Tidbits of History, April 3

April 3 is National Chocolate Mousse Day, the decadent dessert that gained popularity in France in the 1800s. Chocolate was introduced to the French around the year 1615.

Birthday of Washington Irving (April 3, 1783), American historian, essayist, and storyteller, famous for the legends of Rip Van Winkle and Ichabod Crane in “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. The book is in the public domain and available from many websites including Nextdoor e-store.com

Birthday of Edward Everett Hale (1822), American clergyman and author of “A Man Without a Country”, the story of American Army lieutenant Philip Nolan, who renounces his country during a trial for treason and is consequently sentenced to spend the rest of his days at sea without so much as a word of news about the United States.

Anniversary of the beginning of the Pony Express in 1860. It was a mail service from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California by horseback. It only operated for 18 months.

Outlaw Jesse James was shot in the back of the head by Robert Ford on April 3, 1882 in Missouri.

1895 – The trial in the libel case brought by Oscar Wilde began, eventually resulting in his imprisonment on charges of homosexuality.

House of Representatives passed a resolution accepting “American Creed” written by William Tyler Page in 1918.

“I believe in the United States of America, as a government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon these principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes.

“I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies.”

1922 – Joseph Stalin (Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) became the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was responsible for the deaths of at least three million people.

1948 – President Harry S. Truman signed the Marshall Plan, authorizing $5 billion in aid for 16 countries. The United States transferred over $12 billion in economic recovery programs to Western European economies after the end of World War II.

The first portable cell phone call was made in New York City in 1973.

Tidbits of History, April 2

daffodil, flower of the day, April 2nd, image from "http://www.finegardening.com/daffodil-narcissus"       April 2 Flower of the Day: Daffodil

Reconciliation Day – a day to re-establish relationships between family and friends.

National Peanut Butter and Jelly Day Peanut butter debuted at the 1883 Chicago World’s Fair. It’s a complete protein Combining a legume (a bean, lentil, or peanut) with a grain (like rice, corn, and wheat) creates a complete protein. This means that peanut butter and jelly mixed with whole wheat bread gives you all of the essential amino acids your body needs.

742 – Birthday of Charlemagne, Frankish king (d. 814)

April 2, 1513 – Florida was sighted by a European for the first time. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2, 1513. He named it La Florida in recognition of the verdant landscape and because it was the Easter season, which the Spaniards called Pascua Florida (Festival of Flowers).

The Coinage Act was passed establishing the United States Mint on April 2, 1792.

Children’s Book Day – to commemorate the birthday of Hans Christian Andersen (born 1805), Danish poet and novelist, best known for fairy and folk tales such as The Emperor’s New Clothes, The Little Match Girl, The Princess and the Pea, Thumbelina, and The Ugly Duckling.

Birthday of Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (1834), French sculptor of the Statue of Liberty.

Birthday of Emile Zola (1840), French novelist, best known for his newspaper article on the Dreyfus Affair entitled “J’Accuse”

Wilson, born December 281917 – World War I: United States President Woodrow Wilson asks the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.

1956 – As the World Turns and The Edge of Night premiered on CBS-TV. The two soaps become the first daytime dramas to debut in the 30-minute format. As the World Turns aired for 54 years from April 2, 1956, to September 17, 2010. The Edge of Night ran until December 28, 1984.

April 2, 2005 – Pope John Paul II died at aged 84, after 26 years as Pope. He was succeeded by Pope Benedict XVI.

Tidbits of History, April 1

April 1 is April Fool’s Day.
The first day is April Fools’ Day or All Fools’ Day, which is a day at one time popular for pranks and harmless practical jokes. The origin of this day is not positively known. Records show that it has been going on at least since 1564, when Jan 1 was re-established in France as the first day of the year. The change confused many people, but in time it led to the fun of exchanging false greetings for the first of the year on the old day. April 1 coincides with the Zodiac sign of the fish, so the French call it “Fooling the April Fish Day”. A one-time April Fools’ prank of the Scots was “hunting the gowk”, which sent the victim on false errands; anyone who fell for this prank was called a gowk, or cuckoo.

National Sourdough Bread Day

International Tatting Day Tatting is a technique for handcrafting a particularly durable lace from a series of knots and loops. Wiki How has an introduction to beginners tatting with pictures.

Birthday of William Harvey (April 1, 1578), English physician, known for his discovery of the circulation of the blood.

author of Federalist PaperPublication of Federalist Paper #76: The Appointing Power of the Executive written by Alexander Hamilton in 1788.

From www.gradesaver.com

“…this paper illustrates the importance of the guiding principles of separation of powers and checks and balances. Hamilton sees potential for defects in both the presidency and the Senate. Therefore, neither can be entrusted with all the power of appointment. This further underscores the important role compromise and pragmatism played in the design of the Constitution. The founders never claimed that the political system they created would be perfect or risk-free. Rather, they were animated by the belief that the only reliable way to limit abuses of power was to ensure that the various branches of government had both the incentive and the ability to keep an eye on one another.

It is interesting to note that Hamilton’s prediction of partisan concerns delaying or complicating the appointment of public officials has come true in recent American history. It is not uncommon for the appointment of officials to key positions in the national bureaucracy to be held up by political opponents of the president. Hamilton had hoped that giving the Senate power to approve presidential appointees would serve as a check on corruption. Unfortunately, senators in both political parties have often used their powers over the ratification process as a way to score cheap political points. Appointments are often held up on the basis of political squabbles rather than concerns about the appointee’s character or fitness for office.”

Birthday of Otto von Bismarck (1815), German politician, 1st Chancellor of the German Empire (d. 1898)

April 1, 1826 – Samuel Morey patented the internal combustion engine.

1908 – Birthday of Abraham Maslow, American psychologist (d. 1970). Maslow developed a theory of the hierarchy of needs. One cannot aspire to a higher need until the lower needs are met. For example, if one has no food, he will not look for love. If one feels threatened, he will not be creative.

1924 – Adolf Hitler was sentenced to five years in jail for his participation in the “Beer Hall Putsch”. However, he spends only nine months in jail, during which he writes Mein Kampf. (translated: My Struggle) is a 1925 autobiographical book describing the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.

1954 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the creation of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado.

Apple Inc. is formed by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne on April 1, 1976. As of 2019, Apple’s net worth has been sitting around $940 billion.

1979 – Iran became an Islamic republic by a 99% vote, officially overthrowing the Shah.

706px-Nunavut_in_Canada.svg1999 – Nunavut is established as a Canadian territory carved out of the eastern part of the Northwest Territories.

Tidbits of History, March 31

National Oysters on the Half Shell Day

National Clam Day

Bunsen Burner Day celebrates the birthday of its creator, German chemist, Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen, who was born on March 31, 1811.

1492 –The joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) issued the Alhambra decree, ordering 150,000 Jewish and Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity or face expulsion.

Birthday of René Descartes (1596), French philosopher. “I think, therefore I am.”

Birthday of Franz Joseph Haydn (March 31, 1732), Austrian composer. An Austrian composer of the Classical period, he was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio. His contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet”.

324px-Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons1889 – The Eiffel Tower was opened to the public. It commemorates the French Revolution.

Transfer Day, a holiday in the Virgin Islands commemorating the purchase of the islands by the U.S. from Denmark on March 31, 1917.

1918 – Daylight saving time went into effect in the United States for the first time.

1949 – The Dominion of Newfoundland joined the Canadian Confederation and became the 10th Province of Canada.

1951 – Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau.

Birthday of Cesar Chavez (March 31, 1927), Mexican-American farm worker, labor leader, and activist. Cesar Chavez Day is a state holiday in California, Colorado, and Texas.

Rodgers & Hammerstein’s “Oklahoma! ,” premiered in NYC in 1943. It was their first musical. It was based on a play by Lynn Riggs, Green Grow the Lilacs. Oklahoma! ran for over five years, a Broadway record that “would not be bested until My Fair Lady in 1956. The film adaptation in 1955 starred Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. Songs from Oklahoma! include: “Oh, what a beautiful morning”; “The Surrey with the Fringe on Top”; “People Will Say We’re in Love”; and, of course, “Oklahoma!”.

2004- In Fallujah, Iraq, 4 American private military contractors working for Blackwater USA, were killed and their bodies mutilated.

Tidbits of History, March 30

International Folding Laundry Day
National Doctors Day
I Am In Control Day – “As of now, I am in control here in the White House.” Those are the words of Secretary of State Alexander Haig on March 30, 1981, after the assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan.

Birthday of Goya (Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes) (March 30, 1746), Spanish romantic painter, regarded as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. See My Modern Met.com for a sample of Goya’s art including the clothed and the nude maja (a person from Madrid’s lower classes).

Congress combined East & West Florida into Florida Territory in 1822.

Ether anesthesia was used for the first time, in an operation by the American surgeon Dr. Crawford Long to remove a tumor from the neck of a patient on March 30, 1842.

Vincent Van Gogh, born March 30, 1853Birthday of Vincent Willem van Gogh (March 30, 1853), Dutch post- impressionist painter. See Wikiart.org for examples of Van Gogh’s art.

Seward’s Day in Alaska honoring the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. United States Secretary of State Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million on March 30, 1867.

1870 – 15th Amendment passed, guarantees right to vote regardless of race:

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

1870 – Texas becomes last confederate state readmitted to Union

1981 – President Ronald Reagan was shot in the chest outside a Washington, D.C., hotel by John Hinckley, Jr. Also wounded were White House press secretary James Brady, Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy and a District of Columbia police officer, Thomas Delahanty.

Tidbits of History, March 29

National Lemon Chiffon Cake Day

1638 – Swedish colonists establish the first European settlement in Delaware, naming it New Sweden.

March 29th, 1790Birthday of John Tyler (March 29, 1790), tenth president of the U.S.

Points of Interest about John Tyler:

  • Tyler was the first vice-president to become President due to the death of a president, (William Henry Harrison)
  • Tyler was the first president to have impeachment proceedings begun against him.
  • Tyler was the first president to have Congress override his veto.
  • Tyler was the first president whose wife died while he was in office. (Letitia)
  • Tyler was the first president to marry while in office. (Julia)
  • Tyler was the only president to hold office in the Confederacy.
  • Five years after leaving office, Tyler was so poor he was unable to pay a bill for $1.25 until he had sold his corn crop.
  • The tradition of playing “Hail to the Chief” whenever a president appears at state functions was started by Tyler’s second wife, Julia.
  • He was nicknamed “His Accidency” due to the way in which he assumed office.
  • According to the Census of 1840, the U. S. population was at 17 million people, including 14 million whites and 2.8 million blacks, free and slave
  • Tyler fathered 15 children, 8 with Letitia and 7 more with Julia.

1806 – Construction was authorized of the Great National Pike, better known as the Cumberland Road, becoming the first United States federal highway.

Queen Victoria gave Royal Assent to the British North America Act which established the Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867.

Dr. John Pemberton brewed the first batch of Coca-Cola in a backyard in Atlanta, Georgia on March 29, 1886.

1936 – In Germany, Adolf Hitler received 99% of the votes in a referendum to ratify Germany’s illegal reoccupation of the Rhineland, receiving 44.5 million votes out of 45.5 million registered voters.

On 7 March 1936, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, German troops marched into the Rhineland and other regions along the Rhine. This was the first of the aggressive military actions of Nazi Germany that contributed to the outbreak of World War II.

1961 – The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, allowing residents of Washington, D.C., to vote in presidential elections.

Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors District and perform such other duties as prescribed in the twelfth article of amendment.

Vietnam Veterans’ Day; the anniversary of the withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam in 1973