Tidbits of History, March 30

International Folding Laundry Day
National Doctors Day
I Am In Control Day – “As of now, I am in control here in the White House.” Those are the words of Secretary of State Alexander Haig on March 30, 1981, after the assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan.

Birthday of Goya (Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes) (March 30, 1746), Spanish romantic painter, regarded as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. See My Modern Met.com for a sample of Goya’s art including the clothed and the nude maja (a person from Madrid’s lower classes).

Congress combined East & West Florida into Florida Territory in 1822.

Ether anesthesia was used for the first time, in an operation by the American surgeon Dr. Crawford Long to remove a tumor from the neck of a patient on March 30, 1842.

Vincent Van Gogh, born March 30, 1853Birthday of Vincent Willem van Gogh (March 30, 1853), Dutch post- impressionist painter. See Wikiart.org for examples of Van Gogh’s art.

Seward’s Day in Alaska honoring the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. United States Secretary of State Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million on March 30, 1867.

1870 – 15th Amendment passed, guarantees right to vote regardless of race:

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

1870 – Texas becomes last confederate state readmitted to Union

1981 – President Ronald Reagan was shot in the chest outside a Washington, D.C., hotel by John Hinckley, Jr. Also wounded were White House press secretary James Brady, Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy and a District of Columbia police officer, Thomas Delahanty.

Tidbits of History, March 29

March 29 is “Good Friday” in 2024.

National Lemon Chiffon Cake Day

1638 – Swedish colonists establish the first European settlement in Delaware, naming it New Sweden.

March 29th, 1790Birthday of John Tyler (March 29, 1790), tenth president of the U.S.

Points of Interest about John Tyler:

  • Tyler was the first vice-president to become President due to the death of a president, (William Henry Harrison)
  • Tyler was the first president to have impeachment proceedings begun against him.
  • Tyler was the first president to have Congress override his veto.
  • Tyler was the first president whose wife died while he was in office. (Letitia)
  • Tyler was the first president to marry while in office. (Julia)
  • Tyler was the only president to hold office in the Confederacy.
  • Five years after leaving office, Tyler was so poor he was unable to pay a bill for $1.25 until he had sold his corn crop.
  • The tradition of playing “Hail to the Chief” whenever a president appears at state functions was started by Tyler’s second wife, Julia.
  • He was nicknamed “His Accidency” due to the way in which he assumed office.
  • According to the Census of 1840, the U. S. population was at 17 million people, including 14 million whites and 2.8 million blacks, free and slave
  • Tyler fathered 15 children, 8 with Letitia and 7 more with Julia.

1806 – Construction was authorized of the Great National Pike, better known as the Cumberland Road, becoming the first United States federal highway.

Queen Victoria gave Royal Assent to the British North America Act which established the Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867.

Dr. John Pemberton brewed the first batch of Coca-Cola in a backyard in Atlanta, Georgia on March 29, 1886.

1936 – In Germany, Adolf Hitler received 99% of the votes in a referendum to ratify Germany’s illegal reoccupation of the Rhineland, receiving 44.5 million votes out of 45.5 million registered voters.

On 7 March 1936, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, German troops marched into the Rhineland and other regions along the Rhine. This was the first of the aggressive military actions of Nazi Germany that contributed to the outbreak of World War II.

1961 – The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, allowing residents of Washington, D.C., to vote in presidential elections.

Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors District and perform such other duties as prescribed in the twelfth article of amendment.

Vietnam Veterans’ Day; the anniversary of the withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam in 1973

Tidbits of History, March 28

March 28 is National Black Forest Cake Day

From Wikipedia:
Typically, Black Forest cake (Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte) consists of several layers of chocolate cake, with whipped cream and cherries between each layer. Then the cake is decorated with additional whipped cream, maraschino cherries, and chocolate shavings. In some European traditions sour cherries are used both between the layers and for decorating the top. Traditionally, kirsch (a clear liquor distilled from tart cherries) is added to the cake, although other liquors are also used (such as rum, which is common in Austrian recipes). In North America, Black Forest cake is generally prepared without alcohol. German statutory interpretation states Kirschwasser as a mandatory ingredient, otherwise the cake is legally not allowed to be marketed as Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte. True Black Forest cakes are decorated with black cherries.

193 – Roman Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by Praetorian Guards, who then sold the throne in an auction to Didius Julianus. This lead to the Roman Civil War of 193-197. Didius Julianus was ousted nine weeks later and sentenced to death by his successor, Septimius Severus.

1774 – Britain passed Coercive Acts against Massachusetts. They included The Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, The Quartering Act, and the Quebec Act.

1776 – Juan Bautista de Anza found the site for the Presidio of San Francisco. From National Park Service

For 218 years, the Presidio served as an army post for three nations. World and local events, from military campaigns to the rise of aviation, from World Fairs to earthquakes, left their mark. Come enjoy the history and beauty of the Presidio. Explore centuries of architecture. Reflect in a national cemetery. Walk through an historic airfield, forests, or to beaches, and admire spectacular vistas.

1834 – Senate censure of President Jackson for refusing to turn over classified documents regarding his veto of legislation to renew the charter of the Bank of America. When Jackson refused to release the documents, Henry Clay retaliated by introducing a resolution to censure the president. Jackson was the first president to suffer this formal disapproval from Congress. When Jackson retired from the presidency, the only regret he expressed was not being able to shoot Henry Clay.

Greatest Show On Earth was formed by PT Barnum and James A Bailey on March 28, 1881.

Constantinople changed its name to Istanbul and Angora changes its name to Ankara in 1930.

Eisenhower, October 14, 1890March 28, 1969: Death of Dwight D Eisenhower , thirty-fourth President of the United States. He died in Walter Reed General Hospital at Washington, D. C. at age 78 of congestive heart failure.

1979 – A coolant leak at the Three Mile Island’s Unit 2 nuclear reactor outside Harrisburg, Pennsylvania led to the core overheating and a partial melt down.

Tidbits of History, March 21

March 21 is National Crunchy Taco Day

J. S. Bach, born Mar 21, 1685Birthday of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685), German composer and instrumentalist of the Baroque period. His music is revered for its depth, technique, and beauty.

1788 – A fire in New Orleans left most of the town in ruins. It destroyed 856 of the 1100 structures. Because the fire was on Good Friday, priests refused to allow church bells to be rung as a fire alarm. After six years of rebuilding, on December 8, 1794, another 212 buildings were destroyed in another fire.

author of Federalist PaperPublication of Federalist Paper #73: The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power written by Alexander Hamilton in 1788.

From www.gradesaver.com

This paper illustrates the principle of checks and balances on which much of the Constitution is based. The founders believed it was necessary to distribute power among multiple branches of government and ensure that none of these branches became too powerful. This paper focuses in particular on limiting the power of the legislature. Hamilton claims that, in republican societies, the legislative branch of government is always the most powerful since it directly represents the voice of the people. In order to prevent this branch from completely monopolizing the government, the other branches must have means of constitutional “self-defense.”

The Butler Act passed on March 21, 1925. It prohibits the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee public schools. The law was subsequently challenged in 1925 in the famous Scopes trial.

1933 – Construction of Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, was completed. It was built about 10 miles northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria in southern Germany to house political prisoners, Jews, and foreign nationals. There were 32,000 documented deaths at Dachau and thousands that were undocumented. Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, and emigrants were sent to Dachau after the 1935 passage of the Nuremberg Laws which institutionalized racial discrimination. Dachau was officially liberated by the U.S. Army on 29 April, 1945.

March 21, 1947, President Harry Truman signed Executive Order 9835 requiring all federal employees to have allegiance to the United States

Alcatraz, a federal penitentiary on an island in San Francisco Bay, closed in 1963.

1965 – More than 3,000 civil rights demonstrators led by the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. began a march from Selma to Montgomery, AL.

March 21, 2006 – Twitter was founded.

Tidbits of History, March 19

March 19 is National Oatmeal Cookie Day

Swallows Day, the date on which the swallows traditionally return of San Juan Capistrano Mission in California.

Birthday of William Bradford (March 19, 1589), American Pilgrim Father, signer of the Mayflower Compact. He served as Plymouth Colony Governor five times.

Birthday of David Livingstone in 1813, Scotch doctor, explorer, and medical missionary.

William Jennings BryanBirthday of William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860), American lawyer and politician, known as the “Silver-Tongued Orator”.

author of Federalist PaperPublication of Federalist Paper #72: The Duration in Office of the Executive and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered written by Alexander Hamilton in 1788.

From www.teaparty911.com

This paper gives five reasons why there are no term limits for the President in the Constitution and gives a brief discussion to counter the arguments of those favoring limits. He begins by describing the importance of the functions of the chief magistrate which include foreign negotiations, plans of finance, application and disbursement of public money, the arrangement of the army and navy, and the direction of the operations of war. These functions require duration and stability in office and when another obtains the office by nature he will undo much of what has been done and will change the personnel filling the subordinate positions of the administration. If a chief magistrate can be re-elected without limit he will act his part well and give the community time to evaluate the merit of his measures and if they approve of his conduct they will continue him in his station to take advantage of his wise system of administration.

The 22nd amendment, enacted in 1951, limited presidents to a maximum of two terms in office.

Birthday of Earl Warren in 1891; 14th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and head of the Warren Commission which investigated the assassination of President John F Kennedy.

Lou Hoover, born March 19, 1874Birthday of Lou Henry Hoover (March 19, 1874), wife of Herbert Hoover; first lady 1929-1933. She was the first woman in America to receive a degree in geology. When Herbert Hoover was offered the position of chief engineer of China’s Bureau of Mines, he and Lou learned to speak Mandarin Chinese and used it for private conversations throughout their lives.

The U.S. Congress established time zones and approved daylight saving time in 1918.

U.S. Senate voted against membership in League of Nations on March 19, 1920. Also rejected Treaty of Versailles for 2nd time (maintaining isolation policy).

“Amos and Andy” debuted on radio (NBC Blue Network-WMAQ Chicago) in 1928.

1931 – Gambling was legalized in Nevada.

Harbour Bridge, SydneyOn March 19, 1932 Sydney’s Harbour Bridge was opened.

Herman Wouk’s “Caine Mutiny,” was published in 1951.

March 19, 2003, was the start of the Gulf War II, the invasion of Iraq. Dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States, the invasion consisted of 21 days of major combat operations, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland invaded Iraq and deposed the Ba’athist government of Saddam Hussein. The invasion phase consisted primarily of a conventionally-fought war which concluded with the capture of the Iraqi capital of Baghdad by American forces.

Tidbits of History, March 18

March 18 is National Sloppy Joe Day

In 1541, Hernando de Soto observed first recorded flood in America (Mississippi River).

John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton, sold his part of New Jersey to the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, on March 18, 1673.

John C Calhoun, born March 18, 1782Birthday of John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782), American statesman from South Carolina, 7th Vice-President of the U.S. in administrations of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.

author of Federalist PaperPublication of Federalist Paper #71: The Duration in Office of the Executive written by Alexander Hamilton in 1788.

From www.teaparty911.com

This paper deals with DURATION the second requisite to the energy of the executive authority. Duration here has two objects, the personal firmness of the Executive Magistrate in carrying out his constitutional powers, and the stability of the administration which he has assembled. The idea here is that a person without duration acting as a chief magistrate aware that he will only occupy the office for a short time will be little interested in it and will not put in the necessary effort to ward off the ill humors that may appear in the society itself or in a predominant faction of the legislature.

Some say the President should be compliant to the prevailing current in the community or in the Legislature. But it is not said that in a republican government the representatives should bend to every whim of the public for at times the interest of the public is at a variance with their desires. At these times it is necessary for the people whom they have appointed to give the public time for cooler heads to prevail.

In 1818, Congress approved first pensions for government service.

Grover ClevelandBirthday of Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837), twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the U.S. Cleveland is the only president married in the White House and his second daughter, Esther, is the only child of a President born at the White House. The Baby Ruth candy bar was named after Cleveland’s first daughter, Ruth.

In 1850 – American Express was founded by Henry Wells and William Fargo.

Birthday of Rudolph Diesel (March 18, 1858), German engineer and developer of the diesel internal-combustion engine.

Congress of Confederate States of American adjourned for last time in 1865.

Hawaii signed a treaty with the United States granting exclusive trading rights in 1874.

Former Governor General Lord Stanley pledged to donate a silver challenge cup, later named after him, as an award for the best hockey team in Canada in 1892; originally presented to amateur champions, the Stanley Cup has been awarded to the top pro team since 1910, and since 1926, only to National Hockey League teams.

Mussolini joined Hitler in Germany’s war against France and Britain on March 18, 1940.

In 1961, Poppin’ Fresh Pillsbury Dough Boy was introduced. He was created by the Leo Burnett Advertising Agency’s copy writer, Rudy Perz, and originally drawn by Martin Nodell.

Tidbits of History, March 16

March 16 is celebrated by some as National Artichoke Heart Day

1621 – Samoset, a Mohegan, visited the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greeted them, “Welcome, Englishmen! My name is Samoset.” He was the first native American to make contact with the Pilgrims. He had learned English from a group of English sailors who came to fish off Mohegan Island near present-day Portland, Maine.

James Madison, born March 16, 1751Birthday of James Madison (March 16, 1751), fourth president of the U.S. Known as the “Father of the Constitution” for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Madison also wrote the “Virginia Plan” and authored some of the Federalist Papers. Physically Madison was short of stature and slight. He never weighed more than 100 pounds and about 5′ 4″ (the shortest of the Presidents).

Anniversary of the establishment of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1802

1861 – Edward Clark becomes Governor of Texas, replacing Sam Houston, who has been evicted from the office for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy. Houston was a slave owner and opposed abolition but he also opposed secession. When the Texas legislature upheld the secession of Texas to the Confederate States, Sam Houston resigned. President Lincoln offered Houston 50,000 troops to fight Texas secession which Houston declined. He made the following prediction:

“Let me tell you what is coming. After the sacrifice of countless millions of treasure and hundreds of thousands of lives, you may win Southern independence if God be not against you, but I doubt it. I tell you that, while I believe with you in the doctrine of states’ rights, the North is determined to preserve this Union. They are not a fiery, impulsive people as you are, for they live in colder climates. But when they begin to move in a given direction, they move with the steady momentum and perseverance of a mighty avalanche; and what I fear is, they will overwhelm the South.”

Thelma Nixon born March 16, 1912Birthday of Thelma “Pat” Nixon (1912), wife of Richard Nixon; first lady from 1969-1974. She was a typing teacher when she met Richard Nixon. He proposed the night they met but she refused him for two years.

Adolf Hitler ordered Germany to rearm herself in 1935 in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Conscription was reintroduced to form the Wehrmacht, the unified armed forces of Germany. It consisted of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe (air force).

1945 – World War II: The Battle of Iwo Jima ended, but small pockets of Japanese resistance persisted.
(Iwo Jima Day is Feb 23)

1988 – Halabjah poison gas attack: The Kurdish town of Halabjah in Iraq was attacked with a mix of poison gas and nerve agents on the orders of Saddam Hussein, killing 5000 people and injuring about 10,000 people.

Tidbits of History, March 15

March 15 is celebrated as National Peanut Lovers’ Day, not to be confused with National Peanut Butter Lover’s Day (March 1st)

Everything You Think is Wrong Day
Incredible Kid Day
Dumbstruck Day

“Beware the Ides of March” commemorating the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C. According to William Shakespeare, Caesar had been warned by a soothsayer that he would die on the Ides of March. The word “ides” simply means “middle”, so the “Ides of March” refers to the middle of the month, the 15th day.

March 15, 1767, birth of Andrew JacksonBirthday of Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767), seventh President of the U. S. (from 1829-1837).

author of Federalist PaperPublication of Federalist Paper #70: The Executive Department Further Considered written by Alexander Hamilton in 1788.

From www.teaparty911.com

In Federalist 70 Hamilton begins a discussion of the need for energy in the executive if one is to have good government. He defines energy in the executive as unity, duration, an adequate provision for its support and competent powers. This paper is all about unity in the executive which he defines as having a single person responsible for the execution of the presidency as opposed to any type of shared responsibility. Decision, activity, secrecy, and dispatch, are what he considers the characteristics of an effective executive, and these are more likely from a single individual “than the proceedings of a greater number, and in proportions the number is increased these qualities will be diminished”.

Maine headerMaine Admission Day 1820, twenty-third state

  • Capital: Augusta
  • Nickname: Pine Tree State
  • Animal: Moose
  • Bird: Chickadee
  • Flower: White pine cone & tassel
  • Gemstone: Tourmaline
  • Herb: Wintergreen
  • Insect: Honeybee
  • Tree: White Pine
  • Motto: I direct

See our page for the state of Maine for more interesting facts and trivia about Maine.

1869 – Cincinnati Red Stockings became the first professional baseball team

1892 – Jesse W. Reno patented the Reno Inclined Elevator. It was the first escalator.

1906 – Britons Rolls, Royce & Johnson formed Rolls Royce Ltd

President Woodrow Wilson sent 4,800 United States troops over the U.S.-Mexico border to pursue Pancho Villa on March 15, 1916.

1938 – Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia.

1940 – Hermann Goering said that 100-200 church bells were enough for Germany, smelt the rest.

My Fair Lady received its premiere performance on Broadway at the Mark Hellinger Theatre in 1956. Based on George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion, lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe, the Broadway musical starred Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews. See benneynlinda.com for more information.

1985 – The first Internet domain name was registered (symbolics.com).

Tidbits of History, March 14

National Potato Chip Day

National Pi Day– Why today? Because today is 3.14, the value of π, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter — which is approximately 3.14159.

1629 – A Royal charter was granted to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

1757 – British Admiral John Byng was executed by a firing squad on board HMS Monarch for neglect of duty. Byng is best known for the loss of Minorca in 1756 at the beginning of the Seven Years’ War. His ships badly needed repair and he was relieved of his command before he could see to his ships or secure the extra forces he required. He was court-martialled and found guilty of failing to “do his utmost” to prevent Minorca falling to the French. The court martial sitting in judgement on Byng acquitted him of personal cowardice and disaffection, and convicted him only for not having done his utmost, since he chose not to pursue the superior French fleet, instead deciding to protect his own. Once the court determined that Byng had “failed to do his utmost”, it had no discretion over punishment under the Articles of War, and therefore condemned Byng to death.

author of Federalist PaperPublication of Federalist Paper #69: The Real Character of the Executive written by Alexander Hamilton in 1788.

From www.gradesaver.com

Hamilton structures his argument around a three-way comparison of the office of the presidency under the proposed constitution, the king of England, and the governor of New York. Hamilton’s chief concern is to counter claims that the president would have powers commensurate to the English monarch against whom Americans fought a war. He does this in a very specific and methodical way, taking a variety of issues and comparing the powers of the president and the king.

In order to make the argument more relevant to the people of New York, who Hamilton is addressing, he introduces a comparison between the president and the governor of New York as well. Surely, the people of New York would not claim that the president under the proposed constitution is an elected monarch if his powers are roughly commensurate to their own governor.

1794 – Eli Whitney was granted a patent for the cotton gin.

Birthday of Jonathan Luther “John” “Casey” Jones, (March 14, 1864), American railroad engineer

Birthday of Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879), German physicist, noted for his theory of relativity.

March 14, 1883 – Karl Marx died at the age of 64 years. Author of “The Communist Manifesto” recognized as one of the world’s most influential political documents. Now in the public domain, it can be found on many websites including ours: Nextdoor e-store.com

1885 – The Mikado, a light opera by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, received its first public performance in London.

1914 – Henry Ford announced the new continuous motion method to assemble cars. The process decreased the time to make a car from 12½ hours to 93 minutes.

Kennedy body moved March 141967 – The body of U.S. President John F. Kennedy was moved to a permanent burial place at Arlington National Cemetery. In the three years following the Kennedy assassination, over 16 million people visited the original gravesite. The vast number of visitors necessitated the erection of a larger memorial.

Tidbits of History, March 13

March 13 is celebrated as Ear Muff Day. If you live in a cold climate like Chester Greenwood did, and had large, protruding ears, like Chester Greenwood did, you might be thankful for his invention. National Earmuff Day honors the man who found a better way to keep his ears warm all winter long.

After a day of ice skating in the cold, 15-year-old Chester came up with an idea to keep his big ears warm. Partnering with his grandmother who sewed tufts of fur between loops of wire, Chester soon had a working model. Farmington, Maine is now the “Earmuff Capital of the World”

Anniversary of the Discovery of Uranus See 1781.
Jewel Day

Anniversary of the naming of Harvard University in 1639, oldest university in the U. S. Originally called “New College” or “the college at New Towne”, it was renamed Harvard after clergyman John Harvard bequeathed the school £779 pounds sterling and his library of some 400 books.

Birthday of Joseph Priestley (March 13, 1733), English discoverer of oxygen.

Birthday of Abigail Fillmore (March 13, Abigail Powers Fillmore born March 13, 17981798), wife of Millard Fillmore, First Lady 1850-1853. She caught a cold at the inauguration of Fillmore’s successor, Franklin Pierce, in 1853, developed pneumonia, and died a month later at age 55.

Uranus from Hubble telescopeMarch 13, 1781 – William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus. Image is from Hubble telescope, 2006
According to Nasa:

  • Uranus is known as the “sideways planet” because it rotates on its side. Uranus’ unique sideways rotation makes for weird seasons. The planet’s north pole experiences 21 years of nighttime in winter, 21 years of daytime in summer and 42 years of day and night in the spring and fall.
  • Uranus was the first planet found using a telescope.
  • Uranus is an Ice Giant planet and nearly four times larger than Earth.
  • Uranus has 27 known moons, most of which are named after literary characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.
  • Like Saturn, Jupiter and Neptune, Uranus is a ringed planet.
  • Like Venus, Uranus rotates east to west, the opposite direction as most other planets.
  • Uranus is the 7th planet from the sun.

B Harrison, died Mar 13, 19011901 – Death of Benjamin Harrison , the twenty-third President of the United States and grandson of the ninth President, William Henry Harrison. He died of complications from influenza at Indianapolis, Indiana at age 67.

1963 – Police in Phoenix, Arizona arrested Ernesto Miranda and charged him with kidnap and rape. His conviction is ultimately set aside by the United States Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona. The court found that statements made by a defendant are only admissible if the defendant was informed of the right to an attorney and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by the police. Now known as “Miranda” rights.

1991 – The United States Department of Justice announced that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.