Tidbits of History, November 6

November 6 is:

National Nachos Day

President Donald J. TrumpToday we can celebrate the re-election of President Donald J. Trump as the 47th President of the United States. Celebrate freedom and liberty and the American dream. Long live America!

Birthday of John Philip Sousa, (November 6, 1854), the American band conductor and composer primarily of American military and patriotic marches. Wrote “The Stars and Stripes Forever”, and “Semper Fidelis” .

Nov 6, 1860 – Nov 6, 1860Abraham Lincoln was elected 16th American President;

Nov 6, 1860 – Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis was elected president of the Confederacy.

Birthday of James Naismith (November 6, 1861), Canadian-American educator who invented the game of basketball. Looking for a way to keep young athletes active indoors during the long New England winters, Naismith developed a game then called “Basket Ball”.

1865-11-06 – CSS Shenandoah was the last Confederate combat unit to surrender after circumnavigating the globe on its cruise that sank or captured 37 vessels. CSS Shenandoah had remained at sea for 12 months and 17 days, traversed 58,000 miles (carrying the Confederate flag around the globe for the only time) and sank or captured 38 ships, mostly whalers, all of them American civilian merchant vessels.

Bolshevik Revolution, also known as the October Revolution and commonly referred to as Red October begins with capture of Winter Palace on November 6, 1917. Bolsheviks led their forces in the uprising in Petrograd (modern day Saint Petersburg), the capital of Russia, against the Kerensky Provisional Government. For the most part, the revolt in Petrograd was bloodless, with the Red Guards led by Bolsheviks taking over major government facilities with little opposition before finally launching an assault on the poorly defended Winter Palace.

Reagan signed landmark immigration reform bill in 1986. The law aimed to secure the U.S.-Mexico border against illegal crossings with new surveillance technology and a bigger staff. The bill also, for the first time in history, imposed penalties on businesses that knowingly hired or employed unauthorized immigrants. It provided amnesty for immigrants who could prove they had been living in the country without legal approval continuously since January 1, 1982. The final version of the bill was approved in the House of Representatives by a vote of 238 to 173, and in the Senate by a vote of 63 to 24. Representative Charles E. Schumer, a Brooklyn Democrat emerged as one of the bill’s staunchest supporters in Congress.

The number of unauthorized immigrants living in the USA in 1986 was an estimated 5 million; in 2020 it was estimated to be 11.1 million. Also called illegal immigrants, undocumented, illegal aliens. No telling what it is now.

Tidbits of History, November 5

November 5 is

National Doughnut Day

Guy Fawkes Day, the anniversary of the 1605 Gunpowder Plot” to blow up Parliament and the king.

On this date in 1781 John Hanson was elected first “President of US in Congress assembled”. See Presidents before Washington

Susan B AnthonySuffragist Susan B. Anthony was fined $100 for attempting to vote in the presidential election of 1872. She tried to vote for Ulysses S Grant.

Parker Brothers began marketing the board game “Monopoly”in 1935.

From Today in Science
In 1963, archaeologists found Viking ruins in Newfoundland predating Columbus by 500 years. Leif Ericson, Icelandic explorer, second son of Eric the Red, is believed by most historians to have been the first European to reach the North American mainland. About the year 1000 he landed at a place that he called Vinland. Vinland was identified as Newfoundland in 1963 when archaeologists uncovered the remains of a Viking-type settlement at L’Anse-aux-Meadows at the extreme northern tip of the island. His countryman, Bjarni Herjólfsson, had earlier sighted North America and reported that the land was rich in timber. Thus, Ericson had a clear economic motive for his journey. Icelanders needed wood for houses and ships, but their country is entirely treeless.

The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 5, 1968. The Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard Nixon, defeated the Democratic nominee, incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey.

November 5, 2009 A shooting rampage at the Fort Hood Army post in Texas left 13 people dead and more than 30 injured; Maj. Nidal Hasan, an Army psychiatrist, was charged in the worst mass killing on a U.S. military base. A jury panel of 13 officers in August, 2013 convicted him of 13 counts of premeditated murder, 32 counts of attempted murder, and unanimously recommended he be dismissed from the service and sentenced to death. Hasan is incarcerated at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas awaiting execution while his case is reviewed by appellate courts. It is estimated the appeals process will take 10-15 years and will then require authorization from the President.

Hasan’s former defense lawyer, retired Col. John P. Galligan, told Army Times that they spoke last week (July 19, 2019) on the day in which the new DOJ guidance was announced.

“[Hasan’s] case hasn’t even really gotten through the initial stages of the appeal,” Galligan said. “The case is still being litigated on post-trial discovery issues … I think it’d be a long time before that [the death penalty] becomes one of the pertinent issues to be addressed on appeal.”

Hasan congratulated the Taliban for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August, 2021.

Tidbits of History, November 4

November 4 is:

King Tut Day, short for King Tutankhamun of Egypt. On November 4, 1922 – Howard Carter discovered the entrance to Tutankhamun’s tomb.

National Candy Day

Abraham and Mary Lincoln wed November 4, 1842Abraham Lincoln married Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois on November 4, 1842.

Birthday of James Fraser (November 4, 1876), American sculptor who designed the Indian head and buffalo on the pre-1938 U.S. nickle and whose sculpture includes statues of Hamilton, General George Patton and others. See Wikipedia for samples of his works.
Pre 1938 nickel

Will RogersBirthday of Will Penn Adair Rogers (1879), American humorist, cowboy, vaudeville performer, and author. In 1926 he said:

“America has a unique record. We never lost a war and we never won a conference in our lives. I believe that we could without any degree of egotism, single-handed lick any nation in the world. But we can’t confer with Costa Rica and come home with our shirts on.”

Laura Bush, Nov 4, 1946Birthday of former First Lady, Laura Bush (November 4, 1946), wife of George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the U.S.; first lady 2001-2009.

Americans taken hostage at US Embassy (Teheran, Iran). Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981). They were released the day President Reagan was inaugurated.

From Today in Science
In 1939, the first air-conditioned automobile was exhibited by its manufacturer, Packard Motor Co. of Detroit Michigan. The public exhibition at the 40th Automobile Show in Chicago, Illinois ran between 4-12 Nov. Air in the car was cooled, dehumidified, filtered and circulated. Heat was provided for use in the winter. The refrigerating coils were located behind the rear seat in an air duct, with heating coils in another compartment of the same duct. The capacity of the unit was equivalent to 1.5 tons of ice in 24 hours when the car was driven at 60 mph. Cadillac followed in 1941. The huge evaporator left little room for luggage in the trunk, and the only way to shut it off was to stop, raise the hood, and remove the compressor belt.

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Tidbits of History, November 3

November 3 is:

National Sandwich Day

Housewife’s Day Anybody remember June Cleaver, Lucy Ricardo, Olivia Walton, or Harriet Nelson?

John Jay, author of Federalist Paper #Publication of Federalist Paper #3, written by John Jay on November 3, 1787 and titled “Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence”. Jay continues to argue the benefits of a unified country using Safety as his cause, that a strong national government could better preserve peace and deter aggression for foreign countries.

As to those just causes of war which proceed from direct and unlawful violence, it appears equally clear to me that one good national government affords vastly more security against dangers of that sort than can be derived from any other quarter.

Stephen F Austin, born November 3, 1793Birthday of Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793), American pioneer and colonizer of Texas, known as the “Father of Texas”

William Cullen Bryant, born November 3, 1794Birthday of William Cullen Bryant (November 3, 1794), American poet and newspaper editor of the New York Evening Post. His poetry has been described as being “of a thoughtful, meditative character, and makes but slight appeal to the mass of readers. Here’s the second verse of The Death of the Flowers:

Where are the flowers, the fair young flowers, that lately sprang and stood
In brighter light and softer airs, a beauteous sisterhood?
Alas! they all are in their graves, the gentle race of flowers
Are lying in their lowly beds, with the fair and good of ours.
The rain is falling where they lie, but the cold November rain
Calls not from out the gloomy earth the lovely ones again.

US Supreme Court decided Native Americans can’t be Americans in 1883.

The Chevrolet Motor Car Co was founded in Detroit by Louis Chevrolet and William C. Durant in 1911.

From Today in Science
In 1952, Clarence Birdseye marketed the first frozen peas in Chester, N.Y. While a U.S. field naturalist near the Arctic, he had learned the technique of flash freezing from Labrador Inuit. Freshly caught fish, when placed onto the Arctic ice in the frigid wind, froze solid almost immediately. In Sep 1922, he began a company, Birdseye Seafoods, Inc., to process chilled fish fillets at a plant near the Fulton Fish Market in New York City. On 3 Jul 1924, he organized the General Seafood Corporation, which began the frozen foods industry. Retail frozen foods began 6 Mar 1930, in Springfield, Massachusetts at the “Springfield Experiment Test Market” which offered 26 different vegetables, fruits, fish, and meats.

Laika, Nov 3, 1957The Soviet Union sent the dog Laika into space in 1957. She does not survive.

Tidbits of History, November 2

Quote

November 2 is:

All Soul’s Day, a religious day of remembrance of all the souls of the faithful departed.

Day of the Dead, The second day of Day of the Dead or El Dia de los Muertos celebration. (Mexico)

Plan Your Epitaph Day as one way to celebrate the “Day of the Dead”, a Mexican holiday to commemorate All Soul’s Day.

National Deviled Egg Day Eggs prepared this way started with the Ancient Romans but weren’t called “deviled” until the eighteenth century.

According to Corey Williams, December 13, 2019; Yahoo Lifestyle:
Though they weren’t prepared the same way they are now, eggs that had been boiled and seasoned were a popular appetizer among the elite members of Roman society. The dish was so common that it inspired the phrase “ab ova usque ad mala, which literally means “from eggs to apples, or from the beginning of a meal to the end.
To “devi”l means to “combine a food with various hot or spicy seasonings such as red pepper, mustard, or Tabasco sauce, thereby creating a ‘deviled’ dish,” according to the Food Lover’s Companion, the definitive guide to all things food and cooking.

Jean-Baptiste-SimeonChardin, born November 2, 1699Birthday of Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, (November 2, 1699), was an 18th-century French painter. He is considered a master of still life, and is also noted for his genre paintings which depict kitchen maids, children, and domestic activities. Carefully balanced composition, soft diffusion of light, and granular impasto characterize his work. Influenced Manet and Cézanne. Examples of his work can be found at Wikiart.

Daniel Boone, born November 2, 1734Birthday of Daniel Boone (November 2, 1734), American pioneer, explorer, frontiersman. Mentalfloss.com has an interesting article “14 facts about Daniel Boone”. Worth a look.

James K. Polk, born Nov 2, 1795 ,184614Birthday of James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795), eleventh president of the United States. Polk was more interested in issues than people. He did everything himself rather than rely on others. He customarily rose at daybreak and worked until midnight. He said:

“No president who performs his duties faithfully and conscientiously can have any leisure.”

Harding, died August 2nd, born November 2Birthday of Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865), twenty-ninth President of the United States. While president, Harding played golf, poker twice a week, followed baseball and boxing, and sneaked off to burlesque shows. His advisors were known as the “Poker Cabinet” because they all played poker together.

North DakotaNorth Dakota Admission Day in 1889 thirty-ninth state

  • Capital: Bismarck
  • Nickname: Peace Garden State/Flickertail State/Sioux State
  • Bird: Meadowlark
  • Flower: Prairie Rose
  • Tree: American Elm
  • Motto: Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable

See our page for North Dakota for more interesting facts and trivia about North Dakota.

South Dakota BadlandsSouth Dakota Admission Day in 1889, fortieth state.
President Harrison directed Secretary of State to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first. No one really knows which state was admitted first but most historians just list the Dakota’s alphabetically so North becomes the 39th state and South the 40th.

  • Capital: Pierre
  • Nickname: Mount Rushmore State/Coyote State/Sunshine State
  • Bird: Ring-necked pheasant
  • Flower: Pasqueflower
  • Tree: Black Hills spruce
  • Motto: Under God the people rule

See our page for South Dakota for more interesting facts and trivia about South Dakota.

1947 Howard Hughes piloted his huge wooden airplane, the Spruce Goose, on its only flight, which lasted about a minute over Long Beach Harbor in California.

The Cuban Adjustment Act entered force in 1966, allowing 123,000 Cubans the opportunity to apply for permanent residence in the United States.

From Toay in Science
In 1988, a computer “worm” unleashed by a Cornell University graduate student, Robert T. Morris, began replicating wildly, clogging thousands of computers around the country. Intended as an experimental, self-replicating, self-propagating program, Morris soon discovered that the program was infecting machines at a much faster rate than he had anticipated. Computers were affected at many universities, military sites, and medical research facilities. When Morris realized what was happening he sent an anonymous message, instructing programmers how to kill the worm and prevent reinfection. However, because the network route was clogged, this message did not get through until it was too late. Morris, was later tried, fined and given probation.

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Tidbits of History, November 1

November 1 is:

National Bison Day

All Saint’s Day, also known as All Hallows’ Day,

October 31 to November 2 – Day of the Dead (Mexico)
By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico, practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1, and to honor deceased adults on November 2. November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes (“Day of the Innocents”) but also as Día de los Angelitos (“Day of the Little Angels”); November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos (“Day of the Dead”).

October 31/November 1 – Samhain, Celtic and Pagan celebration marking the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter or the “darker half” of the year.

The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, went on display in 1512. A virtual tour of the Sistine Chapel is available.

Ferdinand MagellanThe Strait of Magellan, the passage immediately south of mainland South America connecting the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans, was first discovered and navigated by European explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the first recorded circumnavigation voyage of 1520.

1604 William Shakespeare’s tragedy “Othello” was first performed, at Whitehall Palace in London. The four central characters are Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army; his beloved wife, Desdemona; his loyal lieutenant, Cassio; and his trusted but unfaithful ensign, Iago. Its themes include racism, love, jealousy, betrayal, revenge and repentance.

On this date in 1765, the British Parliament enacted the Stamp Act on the 13 colonies in order to help pay for British military operations in North America.

Edmund Burke published Reflections on the Revolution in France, in 1790 in which he predicts that the French Revolution will end in a disaster.

Birthday of Stephen Crane (November 1, 1871), American author famous for “The Red Badge of Courage”

1896 – A picture showing the bare breasts of a woman appeared in National Geographic magazine for the first time.

Nov 1, 1941American photographer Ansel Adams took a picture of a moonrise over the town of Hernandez, New Mexico on November 1, 1941. It would become one of the most famous images in the history of photography.

Mamie EisenhowerFormer First Lady, Mamie Eisenhower, wife of President Dwight Eisenhower, died on this day in 1979.

Honda became the first Asian automobile company to produce cars in the United States with the opening of their factory in 1982 at Marysville, Ohio. The Honda Accord was the first car produced there.

November 1, 1993 – The European Union was officially created.

The Month of November

The Month of November, the eleventh month in the Gregorian calendar, received its name from the Latin numeral novem because it was the ninth month in the Julian calendar.

November includes the oldest special day to have originated in the United States. In 1621, Governor William Bradford of Massachusetts proclaimed a day for feasting, prayer, and thanksgiving. It had its forerunner in the harvest-home celebrations of England, but it was a very special day for the Pilgrims. The idea spread throughout the states but was not universally celebrated until Sarah Josepha Hale, the editor of Godey’s Lady’s Book, persuaded President Lincoln to issue a general proclamation in 1863. Since then, Thanksgiving Day has been observed as a holiday by all states and territories of the United States. This year Thanksgiving will be celebrated on Thursday, November 24th.

November also has a traditional day for revelry. It is Guy Fawkes Day, the anniversary of the November 5, 1605, gunpowder plot to blow up the English Parliament and the king. It is observed throughout England and in many parts of the British Commonwealth. It is a popular festival for children and students. It is said that the undergraduates at Oxford University fill the streets on Guy Fawkes night lighting fireworks. The students who get into trouble on this night are eligible to join the Bowler Hat Club, whose members vow to promote the use of the Bowler hat. In other parts of England, the celebration centers around big bonfires. In Nassau and in the Caribbean, Guy Fawkes parades are accompanied by calypso bands.

Several observances around the beginning of November are believed to be related, linked to the old Celtic celebration of Samhain on November 1. These events include Halloween (October 31), Day of the Dead in Mexico (October 31 to November 2), All Saints Day (November 1) and All Souls Day (November 2).

In 2021, Daylight Savings Time ends on Nov 6th; Nov 8th is Election Day; and Nov 11th is Veteran’s Day. Thanksgiving will be Nov 24th.

The chrysanthemum is the November flower, and the gem is the topaz.
Flower of the month of November
Gem of the month of November

November celebrates:

  • Aviation History Month
  • Child Safety Protection Month
  • Family Literacy Month
  • International Drum Month
  • National Adoption Awareness Month
  • National Epilepsy Month
  • National Model Railroad Month
  • National Novel Writing Month
  • National Pet Adoption Month
  • National Sleep Comfort Month
  • Native American Heritage Month
  • Real Jewelry Month

November celebrates with food:

  • National Fun with Fondue Month
  • National Georgia Pecan Month
  • Peanut Butter Lovers Month
  • National Pepper Month
  • National Pomegranate Month
  • National Stuffing Month
  • National Raisin Bread Month

and this month celebrates the anniversaries of the admission of 6 states to the union:

Tidbits of History, October 31

October 31 is:

Halloween November 1 is celebrated as “All Saints’ Day”. Thus, the day prior (October 31st) is All Hallow’s Eve, “hallow” referring to saints. According to Wikipedia, “The traditional focus of All Hallows’ Eve revolves around the theme of using ‘humor and ridicule to confront the power of death.'”

Carve a Pumpkin Day – no surprise here

National Caramel Apple Day

Candy Apples were first introduced in Arabian cuisine. The reason was that fruit was candied to preserve it.
Soldiers in World War I slanged them “toffee apples.” Candy Apples are popular all over the world.
Everything from a Kool-Aid flavor to a nail-polish shade has been named candy apple red.

Martin LutherOctober 31, 1517 – Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther is believed to have nailed his 95 theses to Wittenberg Castle Church in Germany on this date.

John Jay, author of Federalist Paper # Federalist Paper #2 was published on this date in 1787. John Jay authored the article which is entitled “Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence”. He continues the arguments Hamilton made in Paper #1 about the necessity of America remaining one nation. This was one of the main concerns of the authors of the Constitution – that the new nation would break apart into regional sections. Jay said:

This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest of ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties.

To all general purposes we have uniformly been one people each individual citizen everywhere enjoying the same national rights, privileges, and protection. As a nation we have made peace and war; as a nation we have vanquished our common enemies; as a nation we have formed alliances, and made treaties, and entered into various compacts and conventions with foreign states.

John KeatsBirthday of John Keats (October 31, 1795), English Romantic poet trained as a surgeon. John Keats was an English Romantic poet. He was one of the main figures of the second generation of Romantic poets, along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, despite his works having been in publication for only four years before his death from tuberculosis at the age of 25.

Lake Mead National Recreation AreaNevada Admission Day, 1864 as the thirty-sixth state

  • Capital: Carson City
  • Nickname: Silver State/Sagebrush State/Battle born state
  • Bird: Mountain bluebird
  • Flower: Sagebrush
  • Tree:Single leaf pinon
  • Motto: All for our country

See our page for interesting facts and trivia about Nevada.

Harry HoudiniNational Magic Day, honoring the skills of magicians and commemorating the death of the great Harry Houdini in 1926.

Mount Rushmore1941 After nearly 15 years of work, the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota was completed; the colossal sculpture features the heads of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln.

1984 – Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, was shot dead by two Sikh security guards. Riots against the Sikh population started soon after.

From Today in Science
In 1992, the Vatican admitted erring for over 359 years in formally condemning Galileo Galilei for entertaining scientific truths such as the Earth revolves around the sun it, which the Roman Catholic Church long denounced as anti-scriptural heresy. After 13 years of inquiry, the Pope’s commission of historic, scientific and theological scholars brought the pope a “not guilty” finding for Galileo. Pope John Paul II himself met with the Pontifical Academy of Sciences to help correct the record. In 1633, at age 69, Galileo was forced by the Roman Inquisition to repent and spent the last eight years of his life under house arrest. Galileo was a 17th century Italian mathematician, astronomer and physicist remembered as one of history’s greatest scientists.

The population of the world is said to have officially reached seven billion on this date in 2011.

Tidbits of History, October 30

October 30 is:

Candy Corn Day, October 30National Candy Corn Day
Foodimentary.com

Did you know candy corn started as a gimmick to prove the goodness of corn sugar?
One serving of candy corn contains only about 140 calories.
Candy corn has 3.57 calories per kernel.
More than 35 million pounds of candy corn will be produced this year. That equates to nearly 9 billion pieces — enough to circle the moon nearly four times if laid end-to-end.
Halloween accounts for 75% of the annual candy corn production.
A cup of candy corn has fewer calories than a cup of raisins.

Mischief Night
also known as Devil’s Night, Gate Night, Goosey Night, Moving Night, Cabbage Night and Mat Night.

Ballet of Chestnuts – a banquet held by Pope Alexander VI and his son, Cesare Borgia, in the Papal Palace in 1501 where fifty prostitutes or courtesans were in attendance for the entertainment of the guests. After the courtesans’ clothes were auctioned off, chestnuts were strewn all over the floor, and the guests were invited to observe as the naked courtesans gathered them up. According to contemporary reports, the onlookers did not remain onlookers for long, making full use of the courtesans provided. Pope Alexander and his family were among the spectators, and there were reports of prizes being awarded for displays of exceptional virility.

John Adams, October 30, 1735Birthday of John Adams (October 30, 1735), second President of the United States. On his second night in the White House, John Adams wrote, “I pray Heaven to bestow the best Blessings on this house and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise Men ever rule beneath this roof.” Franklin Roosevelt arranged for those words to be inscribed on a mantel in the State Dining Room of the White House.

Helena, Montana was founded in 1864 after four prospectors discovered gold at “Last Chance Gulch”

Orson Wells broadcast of October 30, 1938In 1938 – Orson Welles broadcast his radio play of H. G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds, causing anxiety in some of the audience in the United States.

Jackie Robinson signed with the Dodgers October 30, 1945Jackie Robinson of the Kansas City Monarchs signed a contract with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1945, breaking the baseball color barrier.

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Tidbits of History, October 29

October 29 is:

Hermit Day recognizes the hermit in all of us. A hermit is a person who lives, to some degree, in seclusion from society. No matter how social a person is, everyone needs to take a break from the hustle and bustle of everyday life.

National Oatmeal Day
Quaker Oats, Oatmeal day October 29The portrait of the Quaker man on the Quaker® Oats package has been updated just three times since its creation in 1877, once in 1946, again in 1957 and, most recently, in 1972.

Sir Walter Raleigh, died October 29, 1618Anniversary of the death of Sir Walter Raleigh (October 29, 1618), English military and naval commander of expeditions to North America. He led two expeditions in search of El Dorado or “City of Gold” in South America. The men under his command ransacked a Spanish outpost. Upon his return to England, to appease the Spanish, Raleigh was arrested and executed.

October 29, 1929 – The Wall Street crash occurred, starting the Great Depression.

  • On September 7, 1929, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at $377.56.
  • On October 24, “Black Thursday”, the market lost 11 percent of its value at the opening bell on very heavy trading. A record 12,894,650 shares were traded.
  • On October 28, “Black Monday,” more investors facing margin calls decided to get out of the market, and the slide continued with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 38.33 points, or 12.82%. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at $260.64.
  • The next day, October 29, the panic selling reached its peak with some stocks having no buyers at any price. The Dow lost an additional 30.57 points, or 11.73%, for a total drop of 23% in two days. 16,410,030 shares were traded on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at $230.07.
  • After a one-day recovery on October 30, when the Dow regained 28.40 points, or 12.34%, to close at 258.47, the market continued to fall, arriving at an interim bottom on November 13, 1929, with the Dow closing at 198.60.
  • The market then recovered for several months, starting on November 14, with the Dow gaining 18.59 points to close at 217.28, and reaching a secondary closing peak (bear market rally) of 294.07 on April 17, 1930.
  • The Dow then embarked on another, much longer, steady slide from April 1930 to July 8, 1932, when it closed at 41.22, its lowest level of the 20th century, concluding an 89.2% loss for the index in less than three years.
  • Beginning on March 15, 1933, and continuing through the rest of the 1930s, the Dow began to slowly regain the ground it had lost. The largest percentage increases of the Dow Jones occurred during the early and mid-1930s. In late 1937, there was a sharp dip in the stock market, but prices held well above the 1932 lows. The Dow Jones did not return to the peak closing of September 3, 1929, until November 23, 1954.

From Today in Science
In 1945, the first ball point pen in the U.S. went on sale at Gimbels Department Stores for $12.95. In June, 1945, Chicago businessman Milton Reynolds, in Buenos Aires on unrelated business, saw the Biro pen in a store, recognized the pen’s sales potential and bought a few as samples. Reynolds returned to America and started manufacturing. He copied the product in four months, (ignoring the patent rights of the Argentine manufacturer, Eversharp Company. On the first day of sale, his Reynolds’ Rocket pen was immediately successful; $100,000 worth are sold its first day on the market). The ballpoint pen became a fad. However, it leaked, skipped and was unreliable. By 1948, the price dropped to less than 50 cents. Reynolds’ company failed in 1951.