Tidbits of History

February 27 is:

National Chili Day
National Strawberry Day
National Kahlua Day

Publication of Federalist Paper #62: The Senate written by James Madison in 1788.
Madison names five areas to be considered in regards to the Senate: Qualifications, Selection, Equality of Representation, Number of Senators and Term of office, and the powers of the Senate.
In Federalist #62 he addresses the first four of these concerns.

Quotes from Federalist #62:

“It will be of little avail to the people, that the laws are made by men of their own choice, if the laws be so voluminous that they cannot be read, or so incoherent that they cannot be understood; if they be repealed or revised before they are promulgated, or undergo such incessant changes that no man, who knows what the law is to-day, can guess what it will be to-morrow.”
“No government, any more than an individual, will long be respected without being truly respectable; nor be truly respectable, without possessing a certain portion of order and stability.”
“Every new regulation concerning commerce or revenue; or in any manner affecting the value of the different species of property, presents a new harvest to those who watch the change and can trace its consequences; a harvest reared not by themselves but by the toils and cares of the great body of their fellow citizens. This is a state of things in which it may be said with some truth that laws are made for the few not for the many.”

1801 The District of Columbia Organic Act was placed under the jurisdiction of Congress. Article One, Section Eight, of the Constitution permits the establishment of a “District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States”. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital. In what is now known as the Compromise of 1790, Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson came to an agreement that the federal government would pay each state’s remaining Revolutionary War debts in exchange for establishing the new national capital in the southern United States. Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, Congress passed the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 that officially organized the District and placed the entire territory under the exclusive control of the federal government. Further, the unincorporated area within the District was organized into two counties: the County of Washington to the east of the Potomac and the County of Alexandria to the west. After the passage of this Act, citizens living in the District were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia, which therefore ended their representation in Congress. The portion of the District of Columbia ceded by Virginia was returned to that state in 1846-47.

Birthday of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807), American poet, author of Paul Revere’s Ride, The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline.

Listen, my children, and you shall hear
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere,
On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five;
Hardly a man is now alive
Who remembers that famous day and year.

On February 27, 1864, American Civil War: The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia.

Birthday of John Steinbeck , (February 27, 1902), author of Tortilla Flat (1935), Cannery Row (1945), the multi-generation epic East of Eden (1952), and the novellas Of Mice and Men (1937) and The Red Pony (1937) as well as the Pulitzer Prize-winning The Grapes of Wrath (1939),

1951 – The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is ratified.

Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

In 1991 U.S. President George H. W. Bush announced that “Kuwait is liberated”.

February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

National Pistachio Day

Publication of Federalist Paper #61: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members written by Alexander Hamilton in 1788. This is the last of three papers discussing the power of Congress over the election of its own members. The Anti-Federalists claimed that the Congress could hold elections in remote areas, thereby controlling who would be elected to the House. Hamilton cites the example of New York State Constitution not having a clause to define the location of elections and that they had not yet had a problem of the kind described. Additionally, elections are to be held every two years.

Birthday of Victor Hugo (February 26, 1802) , French novelist, author of Les Misérables and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.

February 26, 1815 – Napoleon Bonaparte escaped from exile on the island of Elba.

Birthday of William Frederick Cody ( Buffalo Bill) (February 26, 1846), American soldier, bison hunter and showman.

1907 – The U.S. Congress raised their own pay to $7500. As of 2019, the base salary for all rank-and-file members of the U.S. House and Senate was $174,000 per year, plus benefits. The Speaker of the House “earned” $174,000 per year. Lawmakers can take a full pension at the age of 62 if they’ve served for at least five years – and even sooner if they have served longer (age 50 for those who have completed 20 years and any age after 25 years).

President Woodrow Wilson signed an act of the U.S. Congress establishing most of the Grand Canyon as a United States National Park in 1919.

President Calvin Coolidge signed an Executive Order establishing the 96,000 acre Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming in 1929.

1993 – World Trade Center bombing: In New York City, a truck bomb parked below the North Tower of the World Trade Center exploded, killing six and injuring over a thousand. The attack was planned by a group of terrorists including Ramzi Yousef (and others). They received financing from Khaled Sheikh Mohammed, Yousef’s uncle. In March 1994, four men were convicted of carrying out the bombing. Each was sentenced to 240 years in prison. The charges included conspiracy, explosive destruction of property, and interstate transportation of explosives. In November 1997, two more were convicted: Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind behind the bombings, and Eyad Ismoil, who drove the truck carrying the bomb.

• Mahmud Abouhalima: Born in Egypt. He came to the U. S. under a tourist Visa. When it expired, he applied for amnesty claiming to be an agricultural worker and was accepted as a permanent resident under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.
  He worked as a New York City cabdriver for five years from 1986–1991, though he saw his license suspended ten times during that period, for failing to attend traffic court for cab violations including traffic violations and an attempt to overcharge a customer. He was seen by several witnesses with Mohammed A. Salameh at the Jersey City storage facility allegedly used to prepare the explosives. He is currently an inmate at ADX Florence in Florence, Colorado.
• Mohammad Salameh: Born in the West Bank. He entered the U. S. on a tourist visa in 1988.
  Despite failing his driving test four times, Salameh had been the driver for the group. On January 24, 1993, he jumped a curb and tore the undercarriage from his car, injuring himself and Ramzi Yousef. He was checked out of Rahway Hospital the following day and went to the garage to clean his car while Yousef remained in the hospital for four more days. With his Nova in for repairs, Salameh got Nidal Ayyad to use his corporate account with Allied Signal to rent him a new car. However, he got in a car accident again on February 16 and collided with a car. Salameh’s 1978 Chevy Nova was used to ferry the nitric acid and urea used to construct the bomb used in the past 1993 bombing.He is currently an inmate at ADX Florence in Florence, Colorado.
• Ahmad Ajaj: Born in the West Bank. He attended a bomb-building course in Pakistan in 1992. He is currently serving a 240-year sentence at USP Terre Haute in Terre Haute, Indiana
• Nidal A. Ayyad: He is serving his life sentence in a federal penitentiary in Terre Haute, Ind.

The attack had been financed by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, uncle of Ramzi Yousef. Yousef (born in Pakistan) is serving his life sentences at ADX Florence, located near Florence, Colorado. He shares a cell block that is commonly referred to as “Bombers Row” with Terry Nichols, Eric Rudolph, and Ted Kaczynski. He is also implicated in the bombing of Philippine Airlines Flight 434, and was a co-conspirator in the Bojinka plot which involved assassinating Pope John Paul II, blowing up 11 airliners in flight from Asia to the United States with the goal of killing approximately 4,000 passengers and shutting down air travel around the world, and crashing a plane into the headquarters of the CIA in Fairfax County, Virginia.

Abdul Rahman Yasin was born in Indiana (his father was Iraqi) and helped make the bombs used in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing attack. He was last seen in an Iraqi prison in 2002.

Eyad Ismoil born in Jordan, admitted to the U. S. on a student visa in 1989. On February 26, 1993, Ismoil, accompanied by Yousef, drove a van packed with explosives into the parking garage below the World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York. Ismoil fled the United States that night. In August 1995, Ismoil was captured by Jordanian authorities in Amman and extradited to the United States to stand trial in New York for his role in the bombing. On April 3, 1998, Ismoil was sentenced to 240 years in prison, fined $250,000, and ordered to pay $10,000,000 in restitution. He is an inmate in Florence, Colorado.

Feb 25 is National Chocolate-Covered Peanuts Day
National Clam Chowder Day In his epic Moby Dick, Herman Melville wrote an ode to clam chowder that is so delectable, simply reading the words gets us craving a bowl.

“Oh, sweet friends! hearken to me. It was made of small juicy clams, scarcely bigger than hazelnuts, mixed with pounded ship biscuit, and salted pork cut up into little flakes; the whole enriched with butter, and plentifully seasoned with pepper and salt.”

The two most prevalent types of Clam Chowder are New England or “white” clam chowder and Rhode Island / Manhattan or “red” clam chowder. In 1939 a bill was introduced into legislature in the state of Maine that would make the use of tomatoes in clam chowder against the law.

138 – The Roman emperor Hadrian adopted Antoninus Pius, effectively making Pius his successor.

February 25, 1947 – Prussia no longer exists from this date.

1836 – Samuel Colt was granted a United States patent for the Colt revolver.

1841 – Birthday of Pierre-Auguste Renoir, (February 25, 1841), French painter and sculptor, leader in the development of the Impressionist style. Photo: Luncheon of the Boating Party. More examples of his art can be found at Wikiart

1866 – Miners in Calaveras County, California, discover what is now called the Calaveras Skull – human remains that supposedly indicated that man, mastodons, and elephants had co-existed. It was later revealed to be a hoax.

1913 The 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, giving Congress the power to levy and collect income taxes, was declared in effect.

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census of enumeration.

Because of a generous $3,000 exemption, plus an additional $1,000 exemption for married couples, the tax applied to fewer than four percent of the population.

1919 – Oregon placed a 1 cent per U.S. gallon tax on gasoline, becoming the first U.S. state to levy a gasoline tax.

1932 – Adolf Hitler obtained German citizenship by naturalization, which allowed him to run in the 1932 election for Reichspräsident.

1956 – In his speech “On the Personality Cult and its Consequences“, Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union denounced the cult of personality of Joseph Stalin.

February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

 
From: The Ayn Rand LexiconThe “sanction of the victim” is the willingness of the good to suffer at the hands of the evil, to accept the role of sacrificial victim for the “sin” of creating values.

National Sticky Bun Day
National Biscuits and Gravy Day

February 21, 1613 – Mikhail I of Russia became Tzar, starting the Romanov Dynasty which ruled until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15, 1917, as a result of the Russian Revolution.

Birthday of Czar Peter III of Russia (1728) who ruled six months, then was murdered in June 1762 at the age of 34 by conspirators of his wife, Catherine II. He was not crowned until thirty-five years after his death, when his coffin was opened expressly for that purpose. He could not speak Russian and was unpopular. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica:

“Nature had made him mean, the smallpox had made him hideous, and his degraded habits made him loathsome. And Peter had all the sentiments of the worst kind of small German prince of the time. He had the conviction that his princeship entitled him to disregard decency and the feelings of others. “

From Asimov, Isaac. Isaac Asimov’s Book of Facts. New York, Bell Publishing Company, 1981

February 21, 1848 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto. Now in the public domain and available at Nextdoor estore.com

The Communist Manifesto summarized Marx and Engels’ theories about the nature of society and politics, that, in their own words, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles”. It also briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism, and then finally communism.

1878 – The first telephone book was issued in New Haven, Connecticut.

1885 – The newly completed Washington Monument was dedicated. Inscribed on the aluminum cap, notable names and dates in the monument’s construction are recalled, and on the east face, facing the rising sun, the Latin words “Laus Deo,” which translate to, “Praise be to God.”

February 21, 1958 – The peace symbol was designed.

February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

Presidents’ Day Originally Washington’s birthday (Feb 22, 1732) was a federal holiday. About half of the states officially renamed their Washington’s Birthday observances as “Presidents’ Day” to include Lincoln’s birthday (Feb 12, 1809). The holiday was moved as part of 1971’s Uniform Monday Holiday Act, an attempt to create more three-day weekends for the nation’s workers. It is now celebrated on the third Monday of February. Federal and state government services are closed.
There were four presidents born during February; besides Washington and Lincoln, William Henry Harrison was born February 9, 1773 and Ronald Reagan was born February 6th, 1911.

National Muffin Day

Publication of Federalist Paper #58: Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered. written by James Madison in 1788. Madison argues that the initial number would be temporary and would be adjusted according to the Census conducted every 10 years. The House of Representatives was designed to represent the people whereas the Senate was designed to represent the States.

The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, was signed by President George Washington in 1792.

1809 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled the power of the federal government was greater than that of any individual state.

1816 – Rossini’s opera The Barber of Seville premiered at the Teatro Argentina in Rome. Also called The Useless Precaution. Written by Gioachino Rossini, it is based on Pierre Beaumarchais’s French comedy Le Barbier de Séville (1775). Rossini’s opera recounts the events of the first of the three plays by Beaumarchais that revolve around the clever and enterprising character named Figaro, the barber of the title. (Mozart’s opera The Marriage of Figaro, composed 30 years earlier in 1786, is based on the second part of the Beaumarchais trilogy.)

Familiar to Bugs Bunny fans, the music is from the Overture of the Barber of Seville:

1872 – In New York City the Metropolitan Museum of Art opened.

1877 – Tchaikovsky’s ballet Swan Lake premièred at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.

February 20, 1927 Golfers in South Carolina arrested for violating Sabbath.

1933 – The Congress of the United States proposed the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution that will end Prohibition in the United States.

1943 – The Saturday Evening Post published the first of Norman Rockwell’s Four Freedoms in support of United States President Franklin Roosevelt’s 1941 State of the Union address theme of Four Freedoms.

Mercury program: In 1962, while aboard Friendship 7, John Glenn became the first American to orbit the earth, making three orbits in 4 hours, 55 minutes.

In a highly controversial vote on February 20, 1985, the Irish government defied the powerful Catholic Church and approves the sale of contraceptives.

1998-Tara Lipinski, 15, became the youngest Olympic figure skating gold medalist.

February 19 is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

National Chocolate Mint Day

Birthday of Nicolaus Copernicus (February 19, 1473), Prussian astronomer, mathemetician. His theory of the sun, rather than the earth, being at the center of the solar system was one of the most important scientific hypotheses in history. It was the beginning of modern astronomy.

Publication of Federalist Paper #57: The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation. written by Madison in 1788. Since it was assumed that Representatives would be elected from the “aristocracy” of each state, what was to prevent them from favoring their own class to the detriment of the rest of the society. Madison reminds critics that no law could be passed which did not apply to everyone, including the members of Congress. He said: “The house of representatives…can make no law which will not have its full operation on themselves and their friends, as well as the great mass of society. This has always been deemed one of the strongest bonds by which human policy can connect the rulers and the people together. It creates between them that communion of interest, and sympathy of sentiments, of which few governments have furnished examples; but without which every government degenerates into tyranny.”

1846 – In Austin, Texas the newly formed Texas state government was officially installed. The Republic of Texas government officially transferred power to the State of Texas government following the annexation of Texas by the United States.

1847 – The first group of rescuers reached the Donner Party, a group of American pioneer migrants who set out for California in a wagon train. Delayed by a series of mishaps, they spent the winter of 1846–47 snowbound in the Sierra Nevadas. Some of the migrants resorted to cannibalism to survive, eating those who had succumbed to starvation and sickness.

On February 19, 1859, Daniel E. Sickles, a New York Congressman, was acquitted of murder on grounds of temporary insanity. This is the first time this defense was successfully used in the United States. In Lafayette Square, across the street from the White House, Sickles shot and killed his wife’s lover, the district attorney of the District of Columbia, Philip Barton Key II, son of Francis Scott Key.

Sickles’s career was replete with personal scandals. He was censured by the New York State Assembly for escorting a known prostitute, Fanny White, into its chambers. He also reportedly took her to England, leaving his pregnant wife at home, and presented White to Queen Victoria, using as her alias the surname of a New York political opponent.

The defense argued that “Sickles had been driven insane by his wife’s infidelity, and thus was out of his mind when he shot Key.” Following his acquittal, Sickles then publicly forgave his wife, and “withdrew” briefly from public life, although he did not resign from Congress. The public was apparently more outraged by Sickles’ forgiveness and reconciliation with his wife, whom he had publicly branded a harlot and adulteress, than by the murder and his unorthodox acquittal.

1942 – World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the executive order 9066, allowing the United States military to relocate Japanese-Americans to internment camps. Over 110,000 people of Japanese heritage were relocated. 11,000 people of German ancestry and 3,000 of Italian ancestry were also targeted. Internment ended in January, 1945 and the last internment camp was closed in 1946. The executive order was rescinded by President Gerald Ford in 1976.

February 18 is the 49th day of the year.

National “Drink Wine” Day

1546 – Martin Luther, leader of the Protestant Reformation, died in Eiselben, Germany.

The artist Michelangelo died in Rome in 1564. Several scholars have described Michelangelo as the greatest artist of his age and even as the greatest artist of all time. Examples of his work can be found at Wikiart.org including painting (the Sistine Chapel) and sculptures (David).

In 1678, John Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress” was published.

1885 – The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain was published in the United States. Now in public domain and available at Nextdoorestore.com

1913 – Pedro Lascuráin becomes President of Mexico for 45 minutes; this is the shortest term to date of any person as president of any country. President Madero of Mexico was overthrown in a coup by General Victoriano Huerta. Under the 1857 Constitution of Mexico, the vice-president, the attorney general, the foreign minister and then the interior minister stood next in line to the presidency. As well as Madero, Huerta had ousted Vice-President José María Pino Suárez and Attorney General Adolfo Valles Baca. To give the coup d’état some appearance of legality, he had Lascuráin, as foreign minister, assume the presidency, appoint him (Huerta) as his interior minister – making Huerta next in line to the presidency. Pedro Lascuráin then resigned, Huerta became president.

February 18, 1930 – Clyde Tombaugh discovered the dwarf planet Pluto.

Seven-time NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion Dale Earnhardt died in an accident during the Daytona 500, on February 18, 2001.